早期接触临床对医学生综合能力及职业认知提升效果评价

目的　探讨早期接触临床对提高医学生综合能力及强化职业认知的作用。方法　选择本校2014级儿科专业五年制学生，其中在大二结束的暑假开展早期接触临床教学活动的学生为实验组（７８名），未参加的学生为对照组（８１名）。在活动结束后，对参加教学活动的学生进行问卷调查。同时对该年级学生小儿外科学理论课成绩及临床实习表现进行统计分析。结果　超过90%的学生对早期接触临床教学活动满意，认为该活动有助于提高医学生的临床思维、强化职业认知、增强学习兴趣、提高沟通技能、促进基础与临床知识相结合。同时，后期追踪分析发现，早期接触临床活动可以提高学生理论课考试成绩，实验组学生临床工作熟练度、临床思维、动手能力及医患沟通能力均优于对照组。结论　在医学生中开展早期接触临床活动，能够提高学生的综合能力，有利于培养医学生的临床思维能力及医患沟通能力，强化职业认知，为医学教育培养高素质人才奠定良好基础。     

The Relationship Between Air Pollution and Lung Cancer in Nonsmokers in Taiwan

Introduction

For never-smokers (smoked <100 lifetime cigarettes), lung cancer (LC) has emerged as an important issue. We aimed to investigate the effects of prevalence changes in tobacco smoking and particulate matter (PM) 2.5 (PM_2.5) levels on LC in Taiwan, in relation to contrasting PM_2.5 levels, between Northern Taiwan (NT) and Southern Taiwan (ST).

穴位埋线对肾虚血瘀型子宫内膜异位症患者IL-1β、TNF-α、VEGF和MMP-2水平的影响

目的:基于PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,探讨穴位埋线疗法治疗肾虚血瘀型子宫内膜异位症的临床疗效及对IL-1β、TNF-α、VEGF和MMP-2等相关信号通路下游细胞因子的水平的影响。方法:选取肾虚血瘀型子宫内膜异位症的门诊和住院患者86例,按照随机数字表法随机分为穴位埋线组和西药组,西药组口服孕三烯酮胶囊(内美通),穴位埋线组在西药组的基础上采用穴位埋线进行治疗,治疗3个月后观察两组患者的临床疗效和IL-1β、TNF-α、VEGF、MMP-2等相关信号通路下游细胞因子的水平。结果:治疗后穴位埋线组总有效率93.02%(40/43),西药组总有效率83.72%(36/43),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗3个月后,穴位埋线组和西药组的VAS评分、血清IL-1β、TNF-α、VEGF和MMP-2水平均较治疗前改善(P<0.01),但穴位埋线组较西药组改善更为明显(P<0.05或P<0.01)。治疗过程中,西药组不良反应发生率为18.60%(8/43),穴位埋线组不良反应发生率为4.65%(2/43),两组不良反应发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:穴位埋线可以显著改善子宫内膜异位症患者的临床症状和体征,并能显著降低孕三烯引起的不良反应,可见穴位埋线疗法可以作用PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,通过改善通路下游的IL-1β、TNF-α、VEGF和MMP-2水平,发挥治疗子宫内膜异位症的作用。     

The FABP12/PPARγ pathway promotes metastatic transformation by inducing epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and lipid‐derived energy production in prostate cancer cells

Early stage localized prostate cancer (PCa) has an excellent prognosis; however, patient survival drops dramatically when PCa metastasizes. The molecular mechanisms underlying PCa metastasis are complex and remain unclear. Here, we examine the role of a new member of the fatty acid‐binding protein (FABP) family, FABP12, in PCa progression. FABP12 is preferentially amplified and/or overexpressed in metastatic compared to primary tumors from both PCa patients and xenograft animal models. We show that FABP12 concurrently triggers metastatic phenotypes (induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) leading to increased cell motility and invasion) and lipid bioenergetics (increased fatty acid uptake and accumulation, increased ATP production from fatty acid β‐oxidation) in PCa cells, supporting increased reliance on fatty acids for energy production. Mechanistically, we show that FABP12 is a driver of PPARγ activation which, in turn, regulates FABP12''s role in lipid metabolism and PCa progression. Our results point to a novel role for a FABP‐PPAR pathway in promoting PCa metastasis through induction of EMT and lipid bioenergetics.

Abbreviations

AR

androgen receptor

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

CN

copy number

CPT1

carnitine palmitoyltransferase I

CS

citrate synthase

EMT

epithelial–mesenchymal transition

ET

electron transfer‐state

FABP

fatty acid‐binding protein

LD

lipid droplet

OA

oleic acid

PCa

prostate cancer

PPAR

peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor

PPRE

peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor response element

TZD

thiazolidinediones

     

Mutation status and burden can improve prognostic prediction of patients with lower‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes

Patients with lower‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes (LR‐MDS) as defined by the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) have more favorable prognosis in general, but significant inter‐individual heterogeneity exists. In this study, we examined the molecular profile of 15 MDS‐relevant genes in 159 patients with LR‐MDS using next‐generation sequencing. In univariate COX regression, shorter overall survival (OS) was associated with mutation status of ASXL1 (P = .001), RUNX1 (P = .031), EZH2 (P = .049), TP53 (P = .016), SRSF2 (P = .046), JAK2 (P = .040), and IDH2 (P = .035). We also found significantly shorter OS in patients with an adjusted TET2 variant allele frequency (VAF) ≥18% versus those with either an adjusted TET2 VAF <18% or without TET2 mutations (median: 20.4 vs 47.8 months; P = .020; HR = 2.183, 95%CI: 1.129‐4.224). After adjustment for IPSS, shorter OS was associated with mutation status of ASXL1 (P < .001; HR = 4.306, 95% CI: 2.144‐8.650), TP53 (P = .004; HR = 4.863, 95% CI: 1.662‐14.230) and JAK2 (P = .002; HR = 5.466, 95%CI: 1.848‐16.169), as well as adjusted TET2 VAF ≥18% (P = .008; HR = 2.492, 95% CI: 1.273‐4.876). Also, OS was increasingly shorter as the number of mutational factors increased (P < .001). A novel prognostic scoring system incorporating the presence/absence of the four independent mutational factors into the IPSS further stratified LR‐MDS patients into three prognostically different groups (P < .001). The newly developed scoring system redefined 10.1% (16/159) of patients as a higher‐risk group, who could not be predicted by the currently prognostic models. In conclusion, integration of the IPSS with mutation status/burden of certain MDS‐relevant genes may improve the prognostication of patients with LR‐MDS and could help identify those with worse‐than‐expected prognosis for more aggressive treatment.     

疫情防控期间某医院开展临床医学课程在线教学的SWOT分析

利用SWOT理论分析疫情防控期间教学医院开展在线教学的内外部竞争环境和竞争条件。在综合性大学附属某医院开展临床医学课程在线教学，具有资源优势、组织优势和平台优势；但也存在临床医学专业的课程特殊性、临床教学医院的教师身份特殊性、疫情防控背景下在线教学的软硬件特殊性等劣势；为医院对标国家一流课程建设、发挥课程思政在教学阵地的主作用、营造主动型学习生态圈提供了发展基础；也对未来教学模式、教学管理模式、教学空间变革提出了挑战。基于此，提出推进医院医学教育信息化建设；全面提升教师信息素养；筑构适应于医院管理环境的教育信息化平台；搭建基于智慧教学空间的多元评价体系；基于多学科建设线上线下混合式课程体系等措施，以推进医院医学教育信息化建设和提升教学管理效率，促进“新医科”建设。     

基于Oncomine数据库分析PD-L1基因在头颈部癌中的表达及预后

目的:研究程序性死亡因子配体1(programmed death factor 1,PD-L1/CD274)在头颈部癌中的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理特征及预后的相关性。方法:挖掘Oncomine数据库中关于PD-L1基因在头颈部癌中的相关数据,进行PD-L1表达量与头颈部癌临床生物学特性的相关分析,并利用数据库中生存数据进行生存分析。结果:Oncom-ine数据库中有关PD-L1基因癌组织/正常组织表达量的分析共176项,其中高表达的癌种共4项,低表达2项;在头颈部癌组织中,显著高表达1项。Meta分析显示,PD-L1在头颈部癌中呈现高表达,显著高于正常组织。在人乳头瘤病毒(human papillomavirus,HPV)阳性的HNC患者中PD-L1的表达显著高于HPV阴性HNC患者(0.38 vs 0.16,P=0.018),有远处转移的患者显著高于无转移者(1.36 vs 0.55,P=0.004)。生存分析显示PD-L1表达量与生存期无显著相关。结论:PD-L1在头颈部癌中表达水平高,与人乳头瘤病毒状态及肿瘤转移相关,与生存期不相关。     

葡萄胎诊治的研究进展

葡萄胎是一种良性妊娠滋养细胞疾病，可分为完全性葡萄胎和部分性葡萄胎两类。新出现的葡萄胎染色体倍体分析、基于短串联重复序列的基因型检测、印记基因CDKN1C表达产物p57的免疫组化染色等辅助手段有助于其鉴别诊断。完全性葡萄胎多为孤雄二倍体，p57免疫组化染色阴性，但特殊的双亲来源完全性葡萄胎为双亲二倍体。部分性葡萄胎多为双雄三倍体，p57免疫组化染色阳性。葡萄胎的治疗以清宫术为主，特殊病例可行子宫切除术，通常不建议行预防性化疗。清宫术后应连续每周监测血清hCG直至降至正常水平。相比部分性葡萄胎，完全性葡萄胎后出现妊娠滋养细胞肿瘤的风险更高、连续2次完全性葡萄胎后继续发生葡萄胎的风险也更高。复发性葡萄胎患者中，有NLRP7或KHDC3L基因纯合突变者，妊娠失败风险极高。本文对葡萄胎诊断和治疗，尤其是对临床处理具有指导作用的主要研究进展进行综述。